Recent studies demonstrated that PCB 126 significantly altered the gut microbial ecosystem in adult mice and in in vitro models identifying significant microbial toxicity following environment pollutant exposure. Early life exposure to PCB 126 showed delayed toxicity and resulted in delayed mortality as well as growth impairment and delayed development in the zebrafish model. A recent study reported that exposure of early zebrafish embryos to relatively low doses of PCB 126 (0.3–1.2 nM) altered normal brain development by reprogramming gene expression patterns, which may result in alterations in adult behavior. Accumulating evidence suggests that early life exposure to PCB 126 can have long-term consequences on behavior and growth. PCB 126 exposure causes several chronic toxic effects, including cancer development, hepatic dysfunction, gastrointestinal illnesses, and metabolic syndrome. Animal fat tissues (such as meat and dairy products) are a major source of PCBs, since PCBs are lipophilic and highly resistant to physical, chemical, and enzymatic breakdown. This study provides evidence for an association between early life environmental pollutant exposure and increased risk of metabolic disorders later in life and suggests the microbiome is a key target of environmental chemical exposure.ģ,3′,4,4′,5-pentacholorobiphenyl (PCB 126), one of the most acutely toxic planar dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, has a long half-life (4–5 years in humans). Interestingly, early life PCB 126 exposure had a greater impact on bacteria in adulthood at the community structure, metabolic, and functional levels. Early life, Short-Term PCB 126 exposure resulted in metabolic abnormalities in adulthood including changes in liver amino acid and nucleotide metabolism as well as bile acid metabolism and increased hepatic lipogenesis. Induction of Cyp1a1, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-responsive gene, was observed at 6 days and 13 weeks after PCB 126 exposure consistent with the long half-life of PCB 126. Here, we investigated the short- and long-term impact of early life 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentacholorobiphenyl (PCB 126) exposure (24 μg/kg body weight for five days) in mice on the host and gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics, and 1H NMR- and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Early life exposure to environmental pollutants may have long-term consequences and harmful impacts on health later in life.
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